<p>The Garfield Street Historic District is a historic district on Garfield Street between Massachusetts Ave. and Oxford Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The district encompasses a unified residential area developed between 1885 and 1891. Garfield Street was laid out in 1883, and all but three of the houses built before 1891 still stand on the street. The houses were built by different developers, and most were architect designed, and thus vary stylistically. The streetview, however, is unified by uniform lot sizes, house heights, and setbacks. Queen Anne styling predominates, with a variety of massing and roof lines; many houses have turrets and/or wraparound porches typical of that style.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Gray Gardens East and West Historic District is a historic district encompassing an early 20th century residential subidivision in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The subdivision includes all of the properties on Gray Gardens , as well as the adjacent 91 Garden Street and 60 Raymond Street. The subdivision was created by a group of interested individuals who sought to control development of one of the last estates in the area to be developed. They subdivided the land themselves, and imposed architectural restrictions on what could be built. Most of the houses were built between 1922 and 1930 and are neo-Georgian in style; the principal exception is the Hall Tavern, a Federal style tavern built in the 1790s and moved to the area from Duxbury, Massachusetts. The other unusual house is at 16 Gray Gardens East; it is a Tudor Revival house.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Harvard Houses Historic District is a historic district encompassing seven residential colleges of Harvard University. The district is roughly bounded by Mt. Auburn, Grant, and Cowperwaite Streets, Banks Street and Putman Avenue, Memorial Drive, and JFK Street  in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The contributing buildings to the district are predominantly residential dormitory buildings which were constructed between 1913 and 1930 as part of Harvard&#39;s House system, and are Georgian Revival in style. There are three small residential buildings which were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, and a number of non-contributing later buildings, including among others the towers of Leverett House and the modern portion of Quincy House at 58 Plympton Street. The buildings are an imposing presence in the streetview of Memorial Drive between Western Avenue and the Anderson Memorial Bridge, but their massing is interrupted by mature tree plantings, and they are organized to provide courtyards and quadrangles in the interior of the district.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Harvard Street Historic District is a historic district on Harvard Street between Ellery and Hancock Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It includes houses on both sides of the street, numbered from 335 to 344 inclusive, an area that marks the summit of Dana Hill. Harvard Street was laid out as a direct route from "Old Cambridge"  to Boston in the early 1800s, and was run over Dana Hill over the objection of Judge Francis Dana, whose estate sat on top of the hill. The street was developed over the 19th century with a succession of high-quality houses.</p><br>
<p>This cluster of seven well-preserved houses was built primarily in the 1850s; two Colonial Revival houses, one at #337 built in 1887, the other at #340 built in 1897, were the only ones built later. Stylistically the other five are a diverse representation of revival styles popular in the mid-19th century, with only the Italianate style represented twice (by #341–43 and #336). One of the more notable residents in the district was Samuel B. Rindge, a merchant and banker who was father to Frederick H. Rindge, a major benefactor of the city. The Rindges lived at #342–44, a Second Empire house.</p><br>
<p>Several houses were designed by architects, and the design for at least one, the Gothic Revival house at #338, came from a pattern book. The Colonial Revival house at #337 was designed by James Kelley, and #340 was designed by Arthur H. Vinal.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Harvard Union, now known as the Barker Center and once known as the Freshman Union, is a historic building on Quincy and Harvard Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The union was designed McKim, Mead & White and built in 1900; it was their first commission on the Harvard University campus. It is a large 2-1/2 story brick building, with neo-Georgian styling that is more reminiscent of English Georgian architecture than that found in North America. The building was sensitively enlarged in 1911 (to design by Thomas Mott Shaw) to include the Varsity Club.</p><br>
<p>The concept of the union was to provide a social space to students otherwise not members of the universitys more exclusive final clubs. It was "made possible by the gift of Mr. Henry Lee Higginson, who was the donor also of Soldiers Field, and is a club which every member of the university may join; the annual dues are ten dollars. It has a very large and fine building, with a magnificent hall, comfortable reading-rooms, pleasant dining-rooms, and a good library. But its very size and comprehensiveness prevent it from fulfilling one of the most important functions of a club, the promotion of friendships. It serves many useful purposes, it makes a convenient rallying-point, but there is in it no club feeling or life."</p><br>
<p>For some fifty years it was the freshman dining hall. Its interior was mostly demolished when it was converted into the Barker Center for Humanities in the 1990s. The Union was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Blackwater Draw is an intermittent stream channel about 140 km long, with headwaters in Roosevelt County, New Mexico, about 18 km southwest of Clovis, New Mexico, and flows southeastward across the Llano Estacado toward the city of Lubbock, Texas, where it joins Yellow House Draw to form Yellow House Canyon at the head of the North Fork Double Mountain Fork Brazos River. It stretches across eastern Roosevelt County, New Mexico, and Bailey, Lamb, Hale, and Lubbock counties of West Texas and drains an area of 4,040 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Blackwater Draw contains an important archaeological site that was first recognized in 1929 by Ridgley Whiteman of Clovis, New Mexico. Blackwater Locality No. 1 (29RV2; LA3324) is the type-site of the Clovis culture. The first large-scale excavation occurred in 1932, though local residents had been collecting bone and lithic materials for decades. Evidence of "fluted" points, spearheads now known as Clovis points (a New World invention) and other stone and bone weapons, tools, and processing implements were found at the archaeological site. The Clovis points were lanceolate and often, though not always, longer than Folsom points. The Clovis-age artifacts are in association with the remains of extinct Late Pleistocene megafauna, including mammoth, camel, horse, bison, saber-toothed cat, sloths, and dire wolf that were hunted by the early peoples who visited the site. Generations of some of the earliest New World inhabitants hunted and camped at Blackwater Draw, creating stratified levels of archaeological remains from many different time periods, including Clovis, Folsom, Midland, Agate Basin, and various Archaic period occupants. Clovis chipped stone technology is currently one of the oldest and most widespread chipped stone technologies recognized in the New World; radiocarbon dates on sediment from the Clovis layers at Blackwater Draw average around 11,290 years before the present. Two of the projectile points from Blackwater Draw were used as the type specimens to define Clovis chipped stone technology in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site is known for its well-defined and dated stratigraphic horizons that exhibit numerous cultural sequences. The sequences begin with the earliest New World peoples and continue through the southwestern archaic, and into the historic period. Investigations at Blackwater Draw have recovered protein residue on Clovis weapons, indicating their use as hunting and possibly butchering tools on extinct Pleistocene animals. Towards the end of the Pleistocene period, the climate began to change, which brought warmer and drier weather causing the water flow in the region to dramatically decrease. This decrease caused small seasonal lake basins called playas to form. These areas became popular hunting locations for early North Americans.</p><br>
<p>Since its discovery, the Blackwater Locality No. 1 site has been a focal point for scientific investigations by academic institutions and organizations from across the country. The Carnegie Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Academy of Natural Sciences, National Science Foundation, United States National Museum, National Geographic Society, and more than a dozen major universities either have funded or participated in research at Blackwater Draw. Eastern New Mexico University owns and manages the excavations and visitations at the site.</p><br>
<p>The 3,200 acre Anderson Basin district around Blackwater Draw in Roosevelt County, NM near Clovis and Portales was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961 and incorporated into the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Blackwater Draw Museum</h2><br>
<p>The original Blackwater Draw Museum was first opened to the public in 1969. The museum opened its doors primarily to display artifacts uncovered at the Blackwater Locality No. 1 site. The artifacts and displays illustrated life at the site during the Clovis period (over 13,000 years ago) through the recent historic period. In 2017 the museum moved onto the Eastern New Mexico University campus, and shifted its focus to incorporate local history as well as archaeology on a broad scale. Exhibits now include descriptions of archaeological work, different archaeological sites, cultural complexes, and scientific methods, among other topics. As of August 2017, Blackwater Draw is under the direction of Dr. Brendon Asher of ENMU in Portales.</p><br>
<p>The Homer-Lovell House is an historic house at 11 Forest Street, just outside Porter Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The two story wood frame house was built in two sections: the main block, a fine Second Empire house, was built in 1867, when the Porter Square area was growing as a residential area because of its train station. In the 1920s the house was extended to the rear and converted into a two-family. Many houses in the area underwent this sort of conversion, most losing their historical integrity. The main block has well-preserved Second Empire features, including extended eaves with brackets, and heavily decorated front portico and projecting bay window.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The H. Langford Warren House is an historic house at 6 Garden Terrace in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a three-story structure, with a stuccoed exterior and a brick foundation. Its entry is sheltered by a Renaissance Revival hood supported by columns, and is flanked by sidelight windows. The windows are generally uniform in size and shape, but the number of lights varies, and they are grouped in places  to provide additional lighting. The house was designed by and for H. Langford Warren, organizer and first department head of Harvard University&#39;s architecture department.</p><br>
<p>H. Langford Warren (1857–1917), both client and architect for this house, was an important figure in the Arts and Crafts movement in Boston, and one of the 24 founding members of the Society of Arts and Crafts in June 1897. (Some sources erroneously refer to him as "Lanford H. Warren".)</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1904 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 (as "Langford H. Warren House").</p><br>
<p>The William R. Jones House is an historic house at 307 Harvard Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame house, whose Second Empire styling includes a flared mansard roof and flushboarded siding scored to resemble ashlar stone. It has a rare example in Cambridge of a curvilinear front gable, in which is an oculus window. Its windows are topped by heavy decorative hoods, and the porch features square posts with large decorative brackets. The house was built c. 1865 for William R. Jones, a soap manufacturer, and typifies the houses that were built lining Harvard Street in the 19th century after the Dana estate was subdivided.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Lechmere Point Corporation Houses is a historic apartment rowhouse at 45-51 Gore St. and 25 3rd Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built sometime before 1821, this 2.5 story brick and wood structure is the only surviving building to be built by the Lechmere Point Corporation, which developed East Cambridge in the early decades of the 19th century. The house was owned for a time by lawyer and politician Christopher Gore, a principal of the corporation who also speculated in area real estate. Two of the buildings  have retained their original gable roofs, while 49 Gore Street has been raised to a full three stories and given arched windows, and 51 Gore Street has had a mansard roof added.</p><br>
<p>The houses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Hupmobile Building is located at 2523 Farnam Street in Midtown Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1917 on the city&#39;s historic Auto Row, the building was an early Hupmobile dealership. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The building was built as a dealership, service shop, and factory branch for Hupmobile. In 1925, the Hupmobile dealership was moved to a larger building at 20th and Harney Streets. The Farnam Street building was used by several other automobile dealerships until 1940, selling brands including Hudson, Willys Knight, and Terraplane. The building housed a flight school from 1941-1943, and the Sterling Manufacturing Company 1943-2003. Sterling produced coffins, ship parts, and water heaters during World War II.</p><br>
<p>Rufus Lamson House is an historic house at 72–74 Hampshire Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a few blocks from the Lamson Place.</p><br>
<p>The house was apparently built and owned by Rufus Lamson (October 2, 1809 – July 13, 1879) and then inherited by his widow Mary Jane Lamson (Butler) (1812 – Unknown) whom he married at Boston, on Thanksgiving Eve, 1832. Rufus Lamson was a stonemason and a large holder of real estate, known for his liberal treatment of the landlord and tenant relation. He was a member of the Universalist Church in Cambridge and served as an assessor for the city for twenty-two years.</p><br>
<p>Rufus Lamson and his son, Rufus William Lamson (1833–1912) ran a firm Rufus Lamson & Son that built many of the substantial brick structures now standing in Cambridgeport.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Kirkland Place Historic District is a historic district on Kirkland Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The district, which abuts the Harvard University campus to the west, contains an architecturally cohesive and distinctive set of seven houses, six of which were completed before 1857. Four houses were designed by Isaac Cutler, who laid out Kirkland Place in 1855. The make way for these four houses, Cutler moved an 1839 Greek Revival house, now 14 Kirkland Place, to the back of its lot. Cutler&#39;s houses  are all Italianate houses with brackets. The Loring-Pierce House at 4 Kirkland Place is an 1856 Second Empire house designed by local architect Horace Greenough, and is the only one of his designs to survive in the city. The seventh house, a brick house built in 1921 to a design by Ernest Seavern, is small and set back, not intruding on its older neighbors.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Lovering House is an historic house located at 38 Kirkland Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 2.5 story Greek Revival wood frame house was built in 1839 by Oliver Hastings, a high-profile local builder (whose own mansion is now a National Historic Landmark), in conjunction with Luther Brooks, owner of the next-door house. It was purchased in 1843 by Joseph Lovering, a math professor at Harvard University, and remained in his family until 1941. After serving for a number of years as part of a nursing home, the house was acquired by Harvard in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It currently houses Harvard&#39;s Center for Middle Eastern Studies.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Drive Apartments Historic District is a historic district encompassing four apartment houses on Memorial Drive in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They are located between the Anderson Memorial Bridge and the Eliot Bridge with street numbers ranging from 983 to 993 Memorial Drive. All four buildings were built between 1916 and 1924, not long after Memorial Drive had been laid out, and were, despite significant similarities of style, designed by three different architects. All provide good views of the Charles River. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Strathcona-on-the-Charles (992-993 Memorial Drive) was the first to be built. Designed by W. L. Mowll, it stands on an irregularly shaped lot with curving frontage, and was designed with deep courtyards, a style originated by Ralph Adams Cram, that provided every unit with a view of the river or the courtyard. Radnor Hall (983-984 Memorial Drive) and Hampstead Hall (985-986) followed soon after, in 1916, designed by Charles R. Greco. They differ from the Strathcona in their general styling (Georgian vs. Tudor), deeper courtyards, and in their first floors, which are finished in cast stone instead of brick. Barrington Court (987-989) was the last to be built, in 1924, to a design by R. B. Whitten. It has the deepest courtyard of the four buildings, and is the most symmetrical in appearance. The four buildings are of roughly equal height, and form a distinctive landmark on that portion of the river.</p><br>
<p>The Maple Avenue Historic District is a residential historic district on Maple Avenue between Marie Avenue and Broadway in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It encompasses a street with a cohesive collection of well-preserved, predominantly Italianate and Second Empire, houses, in which the original spacing and setting has been preserved. It includes houses on both sides of Maple Avenue, numbered from 8 to 33, among which stand several Queen Anne and Colonial Revival houses. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Maple Avenue is located in central Cambridge, within a triangular area demarcated by Harvard Square, Central Square, and Inman Square. It runs between Cambridge Street, which connects Harvard and Inman Squares, and Broadway, which connects Harvard and Kendall Squares. This area was first developed residentially in the mid-19th century. Lining both sides of the middle area of Maple Avenue are fifteen houses whose scale and setting typify the development of that period.</p><br>
<p>All of the houses are wood frame structures, and all but one are two stories in height. One house is a duplex. Five houses are Second Empire in style, typically with slate mansard roofs, bracketed cornices, and ornate window and porch details. There are two Italianate houses, each with flushboarded facades and elaborately-decorated entry porches. Some of the later houses have Queen Anne styling, but most of the remaining housing stock is Colonial Revival in character. The properties are characterized by relatively generous lot sizes, especially in comparison to the immediately surrounding properties.</p><br>
<p>The Lowell is an historic triple decker apartment house on 33 Lexington Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1900 to a design by local architect John Hasty, it is a rare multiunit building in the Brattle Street area outside Harvard Square. The Colonial Revival building has a swan&#39;s neck pediment above the center entry, which is echoed above the central second story windows. Doric pilasters separate the bays of the front facade, and the building distinctively has side porches, giving it added horizontal massing. It was built before the decision was made to locate the electrified trolleys on Mount Auburn Street instead of Brattle , a decision that reduced interest in building more multiunit housing in that area.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Montrose is an historic multiunit residential building at 1648 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a six-story yellow brick building, whose Italian Renaissance details include a copper cornice with modillions, varied window treatments on each floor, belt courses of brickwork between some of the floors, and a front entry surround with fluted Doric columns. Built in 1898, it was one of the first "French flat" luxury apartment houses built in the city. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>According to a promotional booklet published in 1899, it was constructed 25 feet from its adjoining apartment block, The Dunvegan, with which it connects via an underground passage. Both buildings are of the same height and similar size (six stories in height, with a frontage of eighty-five feet), built of the same materials, and with a similar architectural appearance, although the Montroses floorplan is roughly rectangular but the Dunvegans is triangular. The Montroses vestibules, front hall, and stairway are finished in Siena marble, mahogany, and mosaic floors. Each of its twelve suites originally consisted of ten rooms and a bath, as follows: parlor, reception-room, library, dining-room, four bed rooms, kitchen and servants room, bath room, servants water-closet, and butlers pantry.</p><br>
<p>When constructed, the building was wired for door bells and electric lights, and piped for gas and hot and cold running water. Heating was provided by low-pressure steam.</p><br>
<p>The Suda  is a river in Babayevsky, Kaduysky, and Cherepovetsky Districts of Vologda Oblast in Russia. It flows into the Rybinsk Reservoir of the Volga River. It is 184 km long, with a drainage basin of 13,500 km&sup2; and an average discharge of 134 m3/s. Its main tributaries are the Shogda, the Andoga, the Kolp, the Voron and the Petukh rivers.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Suda is the confluence of the Koloshma and the Nozhema Rivers in the northwest of Babayevsky District of Vologda Oblast, close to the border with Leningrad Oblast. The river flows in the general direction southeast. Almost the whole valley of the Suda is populated. The selo of Borisovo-Sudskoye, located in the upper course of the river, is named after the Suda. Between 1927 and 1959 it was an administrative center of Borisovo-Sudsky District of Leningrad Oblast and of Vologda Oblast. The historic Khvalevskoye Manor is located in the selo of Borisovo-Sudskoye on a 30-meter high banks of the Suda river.</p><br>
<p>In the lower course, between the mouths of the Kolp (left) and the Andoga (right) the Suda runs close to the urban-type settlement of Kaduy, the center of Kaduysky District, located on the left bank. The mouth of the Suda is located in the settlement of Suda, and the lower course is essentially a bay of the Rybinsk Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The river basin of the Suda comprises vast area in the west of Vologda Oblast, in particular, almost all of Babayevsky District, almost all of Kaduysky District, large areas in Belozersky and Cherepovetsky District of Vologda Oblast and in Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast, as well as minor areas in Vytegorsky and Ustyuzhensky Districts of Vologda Oblast and Tikhvinsky and Podporozhsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast. There are many lakes in the river basin of the Suda, mostly of glacial origin. The biggest of the lakes is Lake Andozero in Belozersky District.</p><br>
<p>The lower course of the Suda (22 km) is listed in the State Water Register of Russia as navigable, however, there is no passenger navigation.</p><br>
<p>The Declaration and Address was written by Thomas Campbell in 1809. It was first published in Washington, Pennsylvania in 1809. It was the founding document for the Christian Association of Washington, a short lived religious movement of the 19th century. The Christian Association ultimately led to what is now known as the Restoration Movement. In many ways, Thomas Campbell was before his time. He had an ecumenical spirit long before the ecumenical movement began. The Declaration and Address is a testimony to his appeal for Christian unity.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background</h2><br>
<h3>Thomas Campbell</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Campbell (1763–1854) began his career as a Presbyterian minister. After serving in Ireland for a while, he migrated to the American frontier in 1807. A number of his associates from Ireland lived in Pennsylvania, and the Presbyterian church accepted his request to be stationed in Pennsylvania. He had high expectations for the American frontier; he felt it represented a new life and a new era for the church. As such, he was often seen as an unorthodox minister. His position as a minister under the Presbyterian Synod of Pennsylvania only lasted 2 years. He was reprimanded for certain "irregularities," including offering communion to Presbyterians outside of his Synod&#39;s jurisdiction.</p><br>
<p>Campbell continued his ministerial practices despite the Synods disciplinary actions. Both his conflict with the Presbyterians and his desire for a united church led him to organize the Christian Association of Washington. This organizations main purpose was promoting It was Campbell&#39;s understanding that the Christian Association of Washington would instigate a religious reformation. In this, Campbell was only partially correct.</p><br>
<h3>Christian Association of Washington and beyond</h3><br>
<p>The Christian Association of Washington consisted of Thomas Campbell and 21 of his associates. During their second meeting, the committee decided that a document should be drafted outlining the purpose and function of the Association. The Declaration and Address was drafted by Campbell and read at a special meeting in September 1809. Ideally, this association, which promoted "simple evangelical Christianity," would also create similar associations elsewhere. The founders&#39; vision was that a grassroots movement would spring up and spread from the Eastern states to the vast expanses of the Western frontier, ushering in a brand new age for the church.</p><br>
<p>These grand expectations were never fulfilled. The Christian Association of Washington quickly abandoned the title "association" on May 4, 1811, becoming the Brush Run Church. The Declaration and Address had passed with little notice from the greater world. Similarly, the Christian Association of Washington was simply not accepted in the religious realm. Since their experiment failed to produce the desired results, Thomas Campbell (along with his more influential son Alexander) felt that they needed to become an independent church for their dreams to be realized. In many ways, this left the Declaration portion of the Declaration and Address obsolete, but the Address still maintained its rhetorical strength. Thus ended the short life of the Christian Association of Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Content</h2><br>
<p>The Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington is divided into the Declaration, the Address, and the Appendix. The document is written in the style of early 19th century American religious literature, making it difficult for many to read. Paragraphs sometimes stretch on for pages at a time, while the text is unfortunately void of any subheadings. This makes Knofel Staton&#39;s 1976 paraphrase of this document particularly helpful.</p><br>
<h3>Declaration</h3><br>
<p>The Declaration was intended to describe the form and function of the Christian Association. It begins with a brief statement revealing their personal religious conviction. It is clear that Thomas Campbell, as well as the founders of the Christian Association, believed that scripture revealed one divinely inspired truth from which the early church could be recreated. They felt "divinely bound" to see that truth was given to the masses. This was the reason they founded the Christian Association of Washington. In the Declaration, Campbell described the function of the Christian Association in 9 points, outlined below in both Campbells original text (modified for readability) and Statons paraphrase.</p><br>
<h3>Address</h3><br>
<p>The Address is the bulk of Campbell&#39;s argumentation, culminating in 13 propositions approximately two-thirds of the way through it. It is here that Thomas Campbell writes his argument calling for the unification of the catholic (universal) church. The Address begins with the following:</p><br>
<p>"To all that love our Lord Jesus Christ, in sincerity, throughout all the Churches, the following Address is most respectfully submitted. Dearly Beloved Brethren, That it is the grand design and native tendency of our holy religion to reconcile and unite men to God, and to each other, in truth and love, to the glory of God, and their own present and eternal good, will not, we presume, be denied, by and of the subjects of Christianity."</p><br>
<p>Campbell then spends considerable time describing the current crisis facing the church. Continuing with this theme of uniting "men to God, and to each other, in truth and love," he argues that a divided church is hardly a proclamation of the gospel. "Campbell discourses on ecclesial schism as outright sin, and presupposes that the urgent summons to Christian unity is not his own but belongs to the whole church."</p><br>
<p>He continues, "Are not such the visible effects of our sad divisions, even in this otherwise happy country. Say, dear brethren, are not these things so? Is it not then your incumbent duty to endeavor, by all Scriptural means, to have those evils remedied. Who will say that it is not?" This task of uniting the church falls not on the shoulders of the Christian Association of Washington, but on the church at large. If this is done, then the church will certainly begin a new era. In many ways, the Declaration and Address has Zioninistic expectations of biblical proportions. Campbell believed that God ordained America as a new promised land, in which God&#39;s kingdom be renewed, for "then should our eyes soon behold the prosperity of Zion; we should soon see Jerusalem a quiet habitation." If the Churches unite as one, then they will be able to take the gospel to the vast expanses of the unreached west.</p><br>
<p>Campbell continues using such "Promised Land" terminology, specifically terminology reminiscent of the conquest. "Union in Truth is our motto. The Divine word is our standard; in the Lord&#39;s name do we display our banners." In a metaphorical way, the Western frontier of the 19th century was a new Promised Land where they would take the banners of union in truth to victory. Historically, these grand expectations for the church matched similar expectations for the greater political realm in the United States of America in the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Campbell presents 13 propositions for the reformation which he expected would follow suit. These clearly display his heart for Christian unity. They are outlined below in both the original Declaration and Address (modified for readability) and Stanton&#39;s paraphrase. Both are summarized because of length.</p><br>
<p>The homepage for the Christian Churches/Churches of Christ summarized these 13 propositions into the following 5 principles:</p><br>
<p>1. That the church of Christ upon earth is essentially, intentionally, and constitutionally one; consisting of all those in every place that profess their faith in Christ and obedience to him in all things according to the Scriptures....2. That... there ought to be no schisms, no uncharitable divisions among.3. That... nothing ought to be inculcated upon Christians as articles of faith; nor required of them as terms of communion; but what is expressly taught and enjoined upon them, in the Word of God.4. That... the New Testament is as perfect a constitution for the worship, discipline, and government of the New Testament church, and as perfect a rule of the particular duties of its members, as the Old Testament was for the worship, discipline, and government of the Old Testament church....5. That... human authority power to impose new commands or ordinances upon the church, which our Lord Jesus Christ has not enjoined.</p><br>
<h3>Appendix</h3><br>
<p>The Appendix comprises approximately half of the Declaration and Address. Here, Campbell confronts possible points of contention. While presenting nothing new, he expands on previous arguments hoping to clear up possible misunderstandings. For example, Campbell and his associates may have been viewed as anti-creedal, but they did not reject all use of creeds. They merely viewed creeds as instruments of study rather than lenses of interpretation.</p><br>
<p>As to creeds and confessions, although we may appear to our brethren to oppose them, yet this is to be understood only in so far as they oppose the unity of the Church, by containing sentiments not expressly revealed in the word of God; or, by the way of using them, become the instruments of a human or implicit faith, or oppress the weak of God&#39;s heritage. Where they are liable to none of those objections, we have nothing against them. It is the abuse and not the lawful use of such compilations that we oppose.</p><br>
<p>Another point of interest in the Appendix is Campbells discussion of the reason for varying interpretations of scripture. It is his understanding that scripture reveals a single distinct and clear truth. Despite this single distinct and clear truth, generations of Christians have often disagreed with how to apply different portions of scripture. Rather than acknowledging that scripture is sometimes ambiguous and difficult to understand, he framed his response in the language of, the weak and the strong believer. It is his belief that further exposure to scripture, as well as greater discussion with the saints, will reveal Gods clear truth. This truth, as revealed in scripture, is the sole basis for restoring the true church. In short, if unity if to happen, it must be done around the scriptures.</p><br>
<p>It was not Campbell&#39;s intention to create more schisms and divisions in the church, only to offer them a way in which the church might unite. Thomas Campbell ends the Appendix with this statement revealing his character and humility:</p><br>
<p>"Thus, upon the whole, have we briefly attempted to point out those evils, and to prevent those mistakes which we earnestly desire to see obviated for the general peace, welfare, and prosperity of the Church of God. Our dear brethren, giving credit to our sincere and well-meant intention, will charitably excuse the imperfections of our humble performance, and by the assistance of their better judgment correct those mistakes, and supply those deficiencies which in a first attempt of this nature may have escaped our notice"</p><br>
<h2>Analysis</h2><br>
<h3>Argumentation and use of scripture</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Campbell was highly educated for a preacher of the 18th century. He studied at Glasgow university under George Jardine, who was a friend and student of Thomas Reid. As such, Thomas Campbell employed a highly developed rhetoric in the Declaration and Address clearly influenced by Common Sense Hermeneutics (as discussed below).</p><br>
<p>His use of scripture falls into 3 categories:</p><br>
<p>References to scripture using citations (Ezek. 44:6-9), but without actually quoting the verse.</p><br>
<p>Quotations taken from scripture, with or without a citation.</p><br>
<p>Allusion to scripture without using a citation or quotation.</p><br>
<p>The allusions to scripture are woven throughout the entire Declaration and Address. It is clear that he assumed the readers to be well acquainted with the Bible. He refers to a wide array of books from both the Old Testament and New Testament (21 from the OT and 25 from the NT). His favorite Old Testament references are the Prophets and the Psalms. His favorite New Testament section, as noted above, comes from Romans 14-15. He frequently alludes to the strong and the weak and opens the Declaration with an allusion to the individual judgment inherent in humanity (Rom. 14:3,10). In addition to Romans, Campbell frequents references to Zion. Zion, the mountain of the Lord, shall be rebuilt here in America. Now is the set time, a new time ordained by God. Campbell uses a rhetoric that states this as fact, and then employs a technique that encourages the ministers to take part in what God has already ordained.</p><br>
<p>Surely, then, the time to favor her is come; even the set time. And is it not said that Zion shall be built in troublous times? Have not greater efforts been made, and more done, for the promulgation of the Gospel among the nations, since the commencement of the French Revolution, than had been for many centuries prior to that event? And have not the Churches, both in Europe and America, since that period, discovered a more than usual concern for the removal of contentions, for the healing of divisions...? Should we not, then, be excited by these considerations to concur with all our might, to help forward this good work</p><br>
<h3>Common sense hermeneutics</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Campbell was heavily influenced by the teachings of John Locke (specifically Locke&#39;s Essay Concerning Human Understanding) and common sense philosophy. In the 18th and 19th centuries, common sense philosophy was a powerful rhetoric. Its philosophy is based on the collective sense ("common sense") of humanity. That which is universally agreed to be right and true is, in fact, right and true. In the 18th century, common sense philosophy was applied to the principle of hermeneutics, or the interpretation of texts. This "common sense hermeneutic," one that allowed for individuals to approach and understand scripture directly, meshed well with the ideals of the American frontier. It was also combined with the rationalism of the Enlightenment, namely that reason was the epitome of the philosophical endeavor and that scholars can systematically figure out the mysteries of the world. This blending of the common sense hermeneutic and the rationalism of the Enlightenment created a distinctive understanding of scripture that may be outlined in the following principles:</p><br>
<p>God is revealed in God&#39;s Holy Word, namely scripture, and that He reveals in it one single truth.</p><br>
<p>God is also revealed in the collective intellect of humanity, so that when the people of God endeavor to study the scriptures together, God&#39;s one truth will be understood clearly and plainly.</p><br>
<p>This very systematic approach to the study of scripture became foundational for the Restoration Movement. Each person is entitled to examine the scriptures for him/herself. This allows for varied interpretations, while simultaneously giving the power of interpretation back to the local congregation.</p><br>
<h3>Criticisms</h3><br>
<p>The primary criticism of the Declaration and Address concerns the conflict between unity and restoration. These two principles, which run throughout the document, "have been seen as in tension with each other, if not contradictory, and consequently the source of faction within the movement."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>In 1994, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission installed a historical marker noting the historic importance of the publishing of the document.</p><br>
<p>Lake Pichola, situated in Udaipur city in the Indian state of Rajasthan, is an artificial fresh water lake, created in the year 1362 AD, named after the nearby Picholi village. It is one of the several contiguous lakes, and developed over the last few centuries in and around the famous Udaipur city. The lakes around Udaipur were primarily created by building dams to meet the drinking water and irrigation needs of the city and its neighborhood. Two islands, Jag Niwas and Jag Mandir are located within Pichola Lake, and have been developed with several palaces to provide views of the lake.</p><br>
<p>There are four islands on the lake:</p><br>
<p>Jag Niwas, where the Lake Palace is built.</p><br>
<p>Jag Mandir, with the palace of the same name.</p><br>
<p>Mohan Mandir, from where the king would watch the annual Gangaur festival celebration.</p><br>
<p>Arsi Vilas, small island which was an ammunition depot, but also a small palace. This one was built by one of the maharanas of Udaipur to enjoy the sunset on the lake. It is also a sanctuary catering to a variety of birds, including tufted ducks, coots, egrets, terns, cormorants and kingfishers.</p><br>
<p>Three of the numerous lakes found in the vicinity of Udaipur which connect with the Pichola lake and the Saroop Sagar Lake connected by an arched bridge built by Maharana Swaroop Singh (1842-1861) which in turn connects to the Fateh Sagar Lake, the crystal watered lake in the midst of tree lined hills and the smaller Arsi vilas.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Pichola is approachable by road from the Udaipur City. Local buses, Tongas, auto-rickshaws and taxis provide the needed transport. Udaipur, in turn, is well connected through the Golden Quadrilateral road network, and it lies equidistant, at 650 kilometres, from Delhi and Mumbai on the National Highway (NH) 8. Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan is 6 hours by road and 3.5 hours drive from Ahmedabad to Udaipur. Rajasthan Tourism operates regular bus service from Delhi. It also falls on the East West Corridor which starts from Porbandar and ends at Silchar and intersects the Golden Quadrilateral and a part of this is the stretch from Udaipur to Chittor. 25 km from the lake is the Dabok Airport which connects to Delhi and Bombay. Udaipur Railway Station and Maharana Pratap Bus Stand are both 3 km away from the Lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pichola Lake was built in 1362 AD by Banjara, a gypsy "Banjara" tribesman who transported grain, during the reign of Maharana Lakha. Later, Maharana Udai Singh, impressed by the charm of this lake with the backdrop of green hills, founded the city of Udaipur on the banks of the lake and also enlarged the Lake by constructing a stone masonry dam in the Badipol region on the shore of the Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake’s surroundings and the several islands within the lake have been developed over the centuries, with palaces, marble temples, family mansions, bathing ghats or chabutaras (a raised platform, normally within a courtyard); some of the famous ones are the Lake Palace (now converted into a heritage hotel) in the middle of the lake also called the Pichola Palace (pictured) or Jag Nivas located on the Jag Island, the Jag Mandir, the Mohan Mandir (in the northeast corner of the lake built by Jagat Singh between 1628 and 1652), the City Palace of Udaipur (Bansi Ghat) from where boats ply to all other parts of the Lake, the Arsi Vilas Island, which is a sanctuary for birds and the Sitamata Game Sanctuary on the western shore of the Lake.</p><br>
<p>At several locations where the lake narrows, ornamental arch bridges have been built to span the waterway between the banks.</p><br>
<p>Prince Khurram who rebelled against Jahangir, sought refuge of the Mewar King Maharana Karan Singh II in 1623 and was housed in the partially completed Jag Mandir. Prince Khurram later usurped the Mughal Empire, took the title of Shah Jahan.</p><br>
<h3>Natini’s curse</h3><br>
<p>The Natini Chabutra, is a raised platform in a courtyard, built to commemorate a "natani" (tightrope walker) legend. Maharana Jawan Singh (1828–38), in an inebriated state, is stated to have assured a "natani" that half the kingdom of Mewar would be gifted to her if she crossed the lake over a tightrope stretched across the lake from a village on the west bank of the lake to the City Palace on the east bank. It is said that she was tricked since the rope got cut off before she was to reach the other end of the rope. The girl plunged into the lake and drowned. Before she died, it is believed that she cursed that the Maharana’s family, who from then on would not have any direct descendents or heirs. This curse is claimed to have come true, since six Ranas out of the seven succeeding Jawan Singh were adopted sons.</p><br>
<p>Octopussy, a 1983 James Bond film, was filmed in the precincts of the Lake Palace and other two palaces in Udaipur (Shiv Niwas Palace and Monsoon Palace).</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology and technical details</h2><br>
<p>The Sisarma stream, a tributary of the Kotra River, drains a catchment of 55 km from the Aravalli Mountains and contributes to the flows in the lake. The average annual rainfall in the lake basin is 635 mm. The lake has a surface area of about 696 ha. It is 4 km long and 3 km wide, and has depth varying from a minimum of 4.32 m to a maximum of 8.5 m. In the heart of the Lake, a palace called the Lake Palace was built, which is now converted into a heritage palace hotel. This palace built in marble in 1746 by Maharana Jagat Singh II, 62nd successor to the royal dynasty of Mewar, spreads across the 1.6 ha (4 acres) island and is claimed to be as impressive as the Taj Mahal. At the southern end, a dam was built across the major tributary to facilitate the Banjara tribesman to ford the stream with animals carrying grains. After 1560, Maharana Udai Sing II strengthened the dam (to a height of 15.24 m) when he established the city of Udaipur around the picturesque Lake. Machchala Magra hill, to the south of the city palace complex, is part of the old city wall and the small fort of Eklinggarh and the temple.</p><br>
<p>The fact that the Pichola lake was built by nomadic gypsies testifies that the rulers of Mewar encouraged people to build water harvesting structures.</p><br>
<p>During drought conditions because of lower rainfall & degradation of the catchment the lake becomes dry (pictured). During the years 1998 to July 2005. the Lakes of Udaipur were reportedly dry.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>According to a study carried out by the "Centre of Advanced Study in Geology", Punjab University, the water quality of the lake has a high sodium and Bicarbonate content, which is attributed to the continental weathering due to anthropogenic pressure (tourist influx), intense development activities in the basin area and untreated effluent from municipal and domestic sewage into the Lake. The semi arid conditions of the area, saline and alkaline soils/groundwater conditions and weathering of the silicate rock exposed in the drainage basin are assessed as the reasons for the supply of major ions. The report infers that</p><br>
<p>The increase in phosphate loading and consequent depletion of silica suggests biological consumption of the latter. The observed chemical data of the Pichola Lake was used to predict the mineral assemblages in the carbonate and aluminosilicate system. It demonstrates that calcite and dolomite are the possible minerals that are in equilibrium with the lake water system and that the lake water chemistry is in the range of stability of kaolinite</p><br>
<p>The average of the pollution parameters recorded at random intervals during 2005-2006 as reported by the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board in 2006 are:</p><br>
<p>Dissolved Oxygen 6.33 mg/L; pH Value No.8.27; BOD 2.66 mg/L; Nitrate 0.11 mg/L; Nitrite 0.0045 mg/L; Fecal Coliform 16 MPN/100; and Total Coliform 110 MPN/100.</p><br>
<p>The assessment of quality status determined that water is polluted and needs remedial measures to be implemented to rectify the situation.</p><br>
<p>Studies conducted by Jheel Sanrakshan Samiti (Udaipur Lake Conservation Society) – JSS - a Non Governmental Organization (NGO) set up in 1992 for Ecological, Limnological and Hydrological Conservation of Udaipur Lake System, has found growth of water hyacinth, the lake bottom is also covered with a thick mat of submerged vegetation, presence of floating micro algae which are detrimental to the public health, and also harbor varieties of harmful organisms. This degree of pollution makes chlorination and treatment by other chemicals ineffective to render the water potable.</p><br>
<h2>Threats to the lake</h2><br>
<p>Some of the issues identified as causes for deterioration of the Lake environment are:</p><br>
<p>Polluted due to disposal of sewerage directly into surface drains or surface water body</p><br>
<p>Large-scale and uncontrolled mining of marble and other minerals leading to heavy deforestation of hill slopes.</p><br>
<p>Catchment area degradation and soil erosion causing deposition of sediments into the Lake and disturbance to the ecosystem of the area.</p><br>
<p>Encroachments</p><br>
<p>Dumping of solid, liquid waste, destruction of submergence areas and over exploitation of water</p><br>
<p>Poor governance, and</p><br>
<p>Lack of citizens and stakeholders participation in management of the Lake</p><br>
<p>Due to deteriorated water quality, out of 42 species of fishes including Mahseer and all major carp fishes only 17 species of fishes have survived.</p><br>
<h2>Lake restoration works</h2><br>
<p>Steps undertaken to restore the lakes by the NGOs, such as JSS and concerned government organizations are:</p><br>
<p>Water hyacinth has been eradicated</p><br>
<p>Biological measures undertaken</p><br>
<p>Sewerage plan has been partly implemented.</p><br>
<p>Catchment area conservation of the Pichhola Watershed project of Rs 34.2 million covering an area of 12702 ha under funding of the Government of India is under implementation</p><br>
<h2>List of Lakes in India</h2><br>
<p>List of lakes in India</p><br>
<p>Isaac McLean House is an historic house at 2218 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house was built in 1894 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, Isaac McLean (a well-known Boston Accountant) engaged architects Hartwell and Richardson, and the 2218 Massachusetts Avenue (then known as North Avenue) property was built for his residence. The house was built on one of the lots then known as the Farwell Estate. A well-maintained Colonial Revival (one of the two dominant architectural styles during 1870–1920; the other being the Tudor Revival) graced by a wide porch across the entire front with classic fanlight (or transom) above the main entrance, as well as sidelights. One cannot help but notice the handsome pillars with Ionic capitals and ornamental balustrade as well as the dentils under the cornice, typical of this era. The Isaac McLean House, has been known for over 25 years as A Cambridge House Inn. This property, together with a handful of other Victorian homes represents architecture of historical significance. "This grouping of houses represents the sole remnant of what Massachusetts Avenue once was, the most prestigious Cambridge address for mid to late nineteenth century residential construction."</p><br>
<p>The Alpheus Mead House is an historic house located at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof. Dormers piercing the roof are topped either by shallow gables or segmented-arch roofs. Modillions line the main roof eave, and windows are topped by over-length projecting lintels. The house has also retained its elaborately decorated porch. Built in the mid-1860s, this Second Empire house is one of just a few such houses to survive along Massachusetts Avenue, which was once lined with handsome and well-spaced houses. Its first documented owner was Alpheus Mead, a butcher.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The New England Confectionery Company Factory, also known as the NECCO Candy Factory, is an historic factory complex at 250 Massachusetts Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The property is now owned by DFS Advisors, and is under long-term lease to Novartis. The complex, which includes the factory building, a power plant, and a modern  parking garage, occupies most of an entire city block bounded by Massachusetts Avenue, Cross Street, Albany Street, and Lansdowne Street. The Moderne-style building was constructed of reinforced concrete, faced predominantly with beige brick and trimmed with limestone. On some facades smooth concrete predominates as the finish surface. The building had a smokestack that was painted to resemble a roll of Necco Wafers; this was removed in 1996 because it was unstable. During the alterations of the property for use by Novartis, the water tower was retained, and is now painted with a DNA pattern in NECCO pastel colors. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Company history</h2><br>
<p>The New England Confectionary Company was formed in 1901 by the merger of three Boston-area confectioners. One of these, Ball and Fobes, had in 1860 acquired another competitor whose equipment included precursors to those used to manufacture Necco Wafers. Ball and Fobes developed methods to print writing on hard candies. It was built in 1925-27 to serve as the companys sole manufacturing facility, replacing earlier facilities (which are now part of the Fort Point Channel Historic District) in Boston, and was at the time the worlds largest candy factory. The building was designed in the Moderne style by a company engineer, F. C. Lutze, and built by Lockwood & Greene. The company used the facility as its major production facility until 2003, when it consolidated operations in Revere.</p><br>
<p>The J.A. Noyes House is an historic house at 1 Highland Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is a three story wood frame structure, five bays wide with a gambrel roof and clapboard siding. The second floor hangs slightly over the first floor in a reminder of the early colonial garrison style. The main entrance is flanked by short sidelight windows and topped by a narrow semi-oval fanlight. A rounded bay projects to the left of the entrance, and gabled dormers pierce the roof. The house was built in 1894 to design by Longfellow, Alden & Harlow and is a well-kept example of Colonial Revival architecture; the yard was originally landscaped by Charles Eliot. The house is significant in part for the survival of its construction documentation.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Old Cambridge Historic District is a historic district encompassing a residential neighborhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts that dates to colonial times. It is located just west of Harvard Square, and includes all of the properties on Brattle Street west of Mason Street to Fresh Pond Parkway, all of the properties on Mason Street and Elmwood Avenue, and nearby properties on Craigie Street. The district includes five National Historic Landmarks: Elmwood, the Reginald A. Daly House, the Oliver Hastings House, the Mary Fiske Stoughton House, and the Longfellow House–Washingtons Headquarters National Historic Site, as well as several other houses listed separately on the National Register. The district follows the general route of the Watertown Path, an early colonial road that supposedly followed a Native American trail. This portion of the way became known as Tory Row during the American Revolution, because many of the fine mansions lining it were owned by Loyalists. In the 19th and early 20th centuries it continued by a fashionable location, and now features a number of architecturally significant buildings. It includes 215 contributing buildings and one other contributing sites over an area of 52 acre. One included building is the Cambridge Historical Societys offices, which are in the NRHP-listed Hooper-Lee Nichols House, located at 159 Brattle Street.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1983. It abuts a number of other historic districts, including the Cambridge Common Historic District, the Ash Street Historic District, and the Berkeley Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Sarah Orne House is an historic house at 10 Coolidge Hill Road in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The oldest portion of this house was built in 1807 by John Orne, and originally functioned as a store. It was moved in 1809 and expanded into a house by Ornes mother Sarah. It is now a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a single story porch spanning its front. The central window on the second floor has a rounded arch. The house was associated with the citys last working farm, which operated in the Coolidge Hill area. The former service wing of the house was separated from it in the 1930s, and now stands as a separate residence at 8 Coolidge Hill Road.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Dexter Pratt House is an historic house at 54 Brattle Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is remembered as the home of Dexter Pratt, the blacksmith who inspired the poem "The Village Blacksmith" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1808 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was built for blacksmith Torrey Hancock, who sold the home in 1827 to fellow blacksmith Dexter Pratt. Pratt worked there until his death in 1847; his widow lived there until her death in 1858. It was then passed on to the couple&#39;s married daughter Annie Louise Pratt Smith.</p><br>
<p>Dexter Pratt was the village blacksmith that inspired Henry Wadsworth Longfellow&#39;s poem "The Village Blacksmith". Longfellow published the poem in 1841 as part of Ballads and Other Poems, which also collected "The Wreck of the Hesperus". The poem proved to be popular. It mentioned a "spreading chestnut tree" where Dexter Pratt worked and, when a plan for Brattle Street to be widened was enacted in 1870, the tree was threatened. Initially, the road was built such that the tree was standing in the middle of the street. This set-up did not last long and when the tree was cut down, the children of Cambridge raised money to have the wood converted into an armchair and presented it to Longfellow in 1879, inspiring him to write a poem in gratitude titled "From my Arm-Chair".</p><br>
<p>After Pratt, the home was owned by Mary Walker and her family. Walker was born into slavery in North Carolina in 1818 and escaped to freedom in 1848. After the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, she moved to Milton, Massachusetts before settling in the Pratt House in 1870, which was purchased from the daughter of Dexter Pratt. She lived here with her family for about 40 years. Annie Louise Pratt Smith had by then moved to Northampton, Massachusetts, with her husband George. The purchase of the $4,500 house on June 1, 1870, was subsidized by activist James Murray Howe, who deeded it to Mary Walker the next day.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the Pratt House was remodeled into a fashionable tea house by local women in Cambridge who employed refugees who had escaped Nazi occupation in Europe. It eventually became a restaurant called the Cock Horse Inn. It was then purchased in 1947 by a group of women including Elsa Brändström Ulich as the new location of The Window Shop, which hired refugees and immigrants, and may have been the first business in Harvard Square to employ African American women. Ulich personally persuaded the group to choose the Pratt House as their location, though it was then in disrepair and its purchase necessitated raising $40,000 in loans.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>The building is now owned by the Cambridge Center for Adult Education which also owns the historic William Brattle House. The chestnut tree from the poem was commemorated in 1989 with a modern iron sculpture by Dimitri Gerakaris, whose anvil and other tools were incorporated into the metalwork. An engraved stone marks the spot where the tree once stood.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the CCAE received a Preservation Award from the Massachusetts Historical Commission for its restoration efforts of the house.</p><br>
<p>The J. A. Wood House is a historic house located at 3 Sacramento Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The large 2.5 story wood frame Colonial Revival house was built in 1888 for James Wood, a lumber dealer. The house was designed by Hartwell and Richardson and originally faced Massachusetts Avenue. In 1925 it was rotated ninety degrees to face Sacramento Street, in order to make way for commercial development. The house is a wide five bays across, with a hip roof that is pierced by three dormers, and a left-side ell that is set back. The front entry is sheltered by a gable-front portico, which is supported by a series of paired Tuscan columns on each side.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Walden Street Cattle Pass, also referred to as the cow path, is an historic site adjacent to the MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Line right-of-way, under the Walden Street Bridge in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The site, a tunnel for moving cattle between the railroad and the nearby stockyards of the 19th century, was built in 1857. The cattle yards were closed in 1868 or "about 1871", but the cattle trade continued; "until the 1920s, cows were unloaded here and driven down Massachusetts Avenue, through Harvard Square, and across the river to the Brighton Abattoir".</p><br>
<p>Restoration (re-pointing) of the tunnel&#39;s brickwork was carried out during the 2007–08 replacement of the second-generation bridge dating from 1914. The third-generation bridge opened for traffic in December 2008. The Cambridge City Council discussed creation of a vantage point for viewing the tunnel, ca. 2008, but no action was taken.</p><br>
<p>The Valentine Soap Workers Cottages are a pair of adjacent historic houses in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The cottages are located at 5&ndash;7 Cottage Street and 101 Pearl Street. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The two cottages were built for worker housing in 1835, by local soap manufacturer Charles Valentine. Valentine&#39;s soap factory was located nearby at the corner of Valentine and Pearl Streets. Founded in 1828, it was at the time one of the largest manufacturing operations in the Cambridgeport section of the city. An historic marker for the cottages identifies them as the only examples of factory housing in Cambridge.</p><br>
<p>The Reversible Collar Company Building is an historic factory building at 25-27 Mt. Auburn & 10—14 Arrow Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The building has a complex construction history, consisting of several buildings constructed separately between 1862 and 1907, and gradually combined into a single structure. The oldest portions were built by the Allen and Farnham, a printing business. The property was sold to the Reversible Collar Company in 1867, which expanded the facility. The company at first manufactured paper shirt collars, but later also produced paper and paper-fabric combinations for use in products like wall charts and maps. The buildings on the site were sold to the Boston Bookbinding Company in 1897. In the late 1960s the building was converted to office and commercial space.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, and included in an expansion of the Harvard Square Historic District in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The University Museum is a historic building that houses several museums belonging to Harvard University. The building is located at 24-28 Oxford Street and 11-25 Divinity Avenue in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It houses both the Harvard Museum of Natural History at 26 Oxford Street, and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at 11 Divinity Avenue, as well as several departments of Harvard&#39;s Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Mineralogical & Geological Museum.</p><br>
<p>The building is a large U-shaped brick structure, six stories high, whose oldest portion dates to 1859. This section was built to house the Museum of Comparative Zoology; it was added onto in 1876 to provide space for the Peabody Museum, and was expanded several other times between then and 1913. The building is basically Italian Renaissance in its styling.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Treadwell-Sparks House is an historic house at 21 Kirkland Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Built in 1838, it is a good local example of Greek Revival architecture, further notable as the home of historian Jared Sparks. Now owned by Harvard University, it was moved to its present location in 1968, and is used for professor housing. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Treadwell-Sparks House stands on the north side of Kirkland Street, opposite Harvard&#39;s Memorial Hall. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and brick chimneys. It is oriented with a sidewall facing the street, and its main facade to the east. The street-facing facad is characterized by unusually wide plain pilasters and flushboarding, while the formal front is finished in wooden clapboards. It is roughly square in plan, with three bays on each side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built, originally on nearby Quincy Street, in 1838 by housewright William Saunders for Harvard Professor Daniel Treadwell. The house was purchased in 1848 by Nathaniel Silsbee for his daughter, who was married to historian Jared Sparks.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased from Sparks&#39; heirs by the New Church Theological School and served as the New England training center for Swedenborgian ministers. In 1901 Langford Warren, architect and member of the General Convention of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian), designed and oversaw the construction of a chapel, rotating the house and moving it a short distance on its lot.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the building was sold back to Harvard and the New Church Theological School moved to Newton. The structure was moved in 1968 about 100 yard from its original site at 48 Quincy Street to its current location at 21 Kirkland Street in order to make room for the construction of Gund Hall. The move included moving the property&#39;s carriage house, and carefully preserved its original orientation to the street.</p><br>
<p>The house now serves as the private residence of Harvard University&#39;s Plummer Professor of Christian Morals.</p><br>
<p>The Salem–Auburn Streets Historic District is a residential historic district at Salem and Auburn Streets in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The district includes a collection of houses that is among the oldest in the Cambridgeport section of the city, and includes most of the houses on two blocks of these streets. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Salem and Auburn Streets are two short residential streets located near the center of Cambridge&#39;s Cambridgeport neighborhood, which is bounded by River Street, Massachusetts Avenue, the Charles River, and the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. Auburn Street runs northwest to southeast across the neighborhood, paralleling Massachusetts Avenue. On the block of Auburn between Pearl Street and Brookline Street, Salem Street is a one-block street extending southwest to Watson Street. The district includes most of the properties on these two blocks.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 19th century Cambridgeport was a relatively small village, with narrow streets. The area did not see significant organized development until the mid-19th century. The houses along Salem Street and this single block of Auburn Street were all built between about 1800 and 1845, before this later development took place, and are the largest cluster of houses from that period that survive. The ten historically significant houses are typically vernacular versions of Late Georgian, Federal period, and Greek Revival architecture. One of the more unusual rarities is a two story brick Federal style house at 15 Salem Street.</p><br>
<p>Odell Lake is located near Willamette Pass in the northwest corner of Klamath County, Oregon, United States. It is one of several lakes in the Cascade Range in Central Oregon, and lies within the Deschutes National Forest. It was named for Oregon Surveyor General William Holman Odell by Byron J. Pengra in July 1865 while they were making a preliminary survey for the Oregon Central Military Road, which would later become Oregon Route 58. The lake fills a basin carved by a glacier, and the resulting terminal moraine confines the water along the lake&#39;s southeast shore.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>The populated place of Odell Lake, Oregon, is on the lakes southeast end at 43.549013&deg; latitude, -121.964752&deg; longitude and was once a station on the Southern Pacific Railroads Cascade Line between Crescent Lake station and Cascade Summit. The place was also known as Odell Lake Resort, and today is the site of Odell Lake Lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Odell Lake offers recreational opportunities similar to nearby Crescent Lake, which is 4 mi to the south. There are several developed campgrounds around Odell Lake, as well as boat ramps that allow for sailing, wind surfing, water skiing and fishing. The last two state record lake trout were caught in Odell Lake; the most recent being a 40 lb lake trout (mackinaw) caught in 1984. Fish species found in the lake include:</p><br>
<p>Rainbow trout</p><br>
<p>Kokanee salmon</p><br>
<p>Mountain whitefish</p><br>
<p>Lake trout (mackinaw) - non-native introduced species</p><br>
<p>Bull trout - listed as a threatened species</p><br>
<p>Spelga Reservoir is a reservoir in the townland of Spelga  in the Mourne Mountains of County Down, Northern Ireland. It was formed by the Spelga Dam and sits at over 1,200 ft above sea level. It has a volume of 2,700,000 cubic metres and a catchment area of 5.423 km².</p><br>
<p>The reservoir and dam were built as part of a project that had origins in the idea of supplying water to Belfast, in 1894. The Spelga Reservoir itself was developed between 1953 and 1957.</p><br>
<p>The Dam was designed by the Belfast engineering firm of R. Ferguson and S. McIlveen and construction was undertaken by John Laing & Sons. Building started in 1953, and ran into problems. As they poured the foundations on the bedrock they found that the dam was sinking, it was found that it was as much as 40 meters to the actual bedrock. A more comprehensive ground investigation showed that they had started building on large boulders: "boulders encountered in the site investigation were thought to be bedrock which was subsequently found to be as much as 40m lower".</p><br>
<p>The Portadown and Banbridge areas receive their water supply from the reservoir. Whilst it has not been stocked with fish for some years, it is home to wild trout.</p><br>
<p>The Julia Ideson Building is a Houston Public Library facility in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. It is named for Julia Bedford Ideson, the first Head Librarian of the Houston Public Libraries, who served in that role for forty years.</p><br>
<p>The building, with Spanish Renaissance architecture, is part of the Central Library; it houses the archives, manuscripts, and the Texas and Local History Department. The Houston Metropolitan Research Center is located in the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Ralph Adams Cram of Cram and Ferguson, Boston, the Ideson Building opened in 1926 as the Central Library for HPL; the building, exhibiting a Spanish Revival style, replaced a prior Carnegie building. In 1976 the Jesse H. Jones Building (as the building was named in 1989) opened, and the Central Library moved to the new building.</p><br>
<p>The building received listing in the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The Ideson building reopened in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Lana Berkowitz of the Houston Chronicle stated that there are legends of the Ideson Building being haunted by the ghost of Jacob Frank Cramer, a library caretaker, and Petey, his dog.</p><br>
<p>The Rautas River  is an early contributary to the Torne River in Swedish Lapland.</p><br>
<p>It originates in Rautasjaure (Lake Rautas) in the mountains of northwestern Lapland, at an elevation of 560 m above mean sea level.</p><br>
<p>A footpath leads to Rautasjaure from Rensjön.</p><br>
<p>In winter the lake can be reached by snowmobile.</p><br>
<p>From there it flows eastward through roadless land.</p><br>
<p>On the right, southern bank, Subasjohka, Seppojokha join the river and the river flows into the Guolášjávri lake, where it is joined by Snánnavieddji (left/north) and Durkkejohka (right/south).</p><br>
<p>It enters Rautas fjällurskogs naturreservat, meeting Leavášjohka and Geinnodakjohka on the right, and splits shortly before Rautas.</p><br>
<p>It splits in a western and an eastern part, Alit Suorri / Västra Rautasälven (met by Njuohčamjohka) and Lulit Suorri / Östra Rautasälven.</p><br>
<p>Those branches are approximately 3km apart.</p><br>
<p>In the middle between those two branches lies the village of Rautas (Rávttas).</p><br>
<p>The European route E10 crosses both branches.</p><br>
<p>After 6-10 km, the branches meet again and the river continues in a southeasterly direction.</p><br>
<p>It passes by the village of Käyrävuopio shortly before the stream Tiansbäken (Vuonajohka) flows into the river from the right/south.</p><br>
<p>Then it continuous through uninhabited land, with Pahtajoki flowing into it on the right, before</p><br>
<p>passing by a place where a footpath leads toward the river from the south (see photo).</p><br>
<p>The Käyräjohki and Askajoki join from the left.</p><br>
<p>After this, the river turns north.</p><br>
<p>A track leads from Kurravaara to near the place where the river turns north.</p><br>
<p>It flows into flatter land where some islands such as Hansisaari are in the river.</p><br>
<p>Finally, it flows into Vahkujávri, which is part of the Torne River, at an elevation of 327 m, after nearly 135 km.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Lantmäteriets Fjällkarta BD4 Kiruna, December 2006</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Patchogue, New York is located at 170 East Main Street in the Suffolk County village. It serves the ZIP Code 11772, covering the entire Village of Patchogue, as well as the hamlets of North Patchogue and East Patchogue.</p><br>
<p>Patchogue Post Office was built 1930 to the designs by architect John Vredenburgh Van Pelt of Van Pelt, Hardy & Goubert, and combines Art Deco & Classical Revival architecture. The front building facade is boldy scaled in limestone, and is highlighted with relief sculpture and large monumental windows with decorative aluminum grillage. A matching analogue clock sites over the front entrance doors. The rest of the building is made primarily of brick. Long Island-based stamp collectors have often considered the Patchogue Post Office to be one of several sources for stamps with obscure denominations.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 1989. Three other post office buildings in Suffolk County were listed on the NRHP on the same day, but neither of them were designed by the same architect, nor were they designed in the same style as the one in Patchogue. In 2005, the United States Congress enacted legislation renaming the building the Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy Post Office Building, commemorating the heroism of Medal of Honor recipient Michael P. Murphy.</p><br>
<p>The Verona Apartments is an apartment building located in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. The central section is located at 96 W. Ferry. The East and West wings are located at 92 W. Ferry and 100 W. Ferry, respectively. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Verona Apartments are now owned and leased by Cass and Ferry Apartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Verona Apartments were built in 1896 by the Detroit firm of Malcomson and Higginbotham. The original layout of the apartment building had 16 luxury suites. When home ownership became easier in the 1930s, demand for this type of suite apartment declined, and in 1945 the building was reconfigured to include 26 smaller apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Verona Apartments consist of a five-story central section with flanking three-story wings. The base of the structure is stone; the main body is built of brick, originally orange but now painted gray. The entryway is arched, echoing the arch on the fourth floor, and the building name is embedded in the arche curvature. There are decorative touches throughout the exterior of the building, including the friezework above the first-floor windows, the bowed structures flanking the entrance, and inlays above the first and fifth floors.</p><br>
<p>The Park Shelton is a historic condominium building located at 15 East Kirby Street  in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. Built in 1926 as The Wardell hotel in 1926, the building was therefore listed under this name in the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wardell was designed by Detroit architects Weston and Ellington and built by Bryant and Detwiler in 1926 as a residential hotel, intended for extended stays. Architectural sculpture for the building was created by Corrado Parducci. The name comes from Fred Wardell, who owned the Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Company. Diego Rivera and his wife (and fellow artist), Frida Kahlo, lived there while working on his mural at the Detroit Institute of Arts.</p><br>
<p>The Wardell was sold to Sheraton in 1943 and renamed the Wardell-Sheraton Hotel, then the Sheraton Hotel, and finally the Park Sheraton Hotel in December 1951. In September 1952, it was sold to New Yorker Louis Schleiffer. As he could no longer use the Sheraton name, he changed the spelling just slightly, renaming the hotel The Park Shelton. It was the Detroit hotel of choice for such celebrities as Bob Hope, George Burns, Gracie Allen, and Raymond Burr. In the 1970s, the Park Shelton Hotel was converted to apartments.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the Park Shelton was redeveloped into condominiums, creating 227 luxury units in the building. The newly refurbished building was opened in August 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Opaekaa Road Bridge is a steel truss bridge listed on the National Register of Historic Places located along Opaekaa Road in the Wailua Homesteads neighborhood of Kapaa, on the island of Kauai, in the state of Hawaii, United States. The one-lane bridge spans Opaekaa Stream. With steel beams forged in 1890 by the Alexander Findlay & Company in Motherwell, Scotland, this is touted as possibly the only British-built bridge located in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The steel supports for this bridge were originally forged in 1890 and utilized as part of the Wailua River Bridge. Constructed as a three span, steel truss bridge, its construction was delayed through 1894 due to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the establishment of the Republic of Hawaii. When this span was replaced in 1919, the steel was reused in the construction of the present-day bridge over Opaekaa Stream. Its relocation was carried out by then County Engineer Joseph Moragne.</p><br>
<p>Today, the largest span has a length of 33.1 ft, a total length of 74.2 ft and a deck width of 12.5 ft. Having an average daily traffic of 382 vehicles as of 1986, the bridge is maintained by the Kauai County Division of Roads. With a sufficiency rating of only 14.7 percent and substandard safety railing, this span is listed as structurally deficient and past the point of rehabilitation, necessitating the need for a replacement span for the crossing.</p><br>
<p>As a result of its age and exposure, many of its steel beams are rusted through, with much of its concrete deck cracked in multiple locations. Due to its deteriorating state its rated load was reduced to 5 tons in 2007, then to 3 tons, and is listed to be replaced as part of the Hawaii Department of Transportation&#39;s current statewide transportation improvement program.</p><br>
<p>The Chatham Windmill is a historic windmill at Chase Park in Chatham, Massachusetts. Built in 1797, it is one of the state&#39;s few surviving wooden windmills, and also one of the few still in working condition. The windmill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chatham Windmill is located southwest of downtown Chatham, in the southern section of Chase Park, between Shattuck and Gristmill Lanes. It is a wood-frame structure, set on a rise overlooking the Mill Pond on Chathams south shore. It is about three stories in height, with an octagonal shape that tapers to a gabled cap, and is covered in wooden shingles. The caps side faces are slightly bowed. The wind vanes are attached to one of the gabled ends of the cap. Entrances are located at the northern and southern sides of the structures, and there are small windows on the second level.</p><br>
<p>The mill was built in 1797 by Benjamin Godfrey, and was used to grind corn. It was originally located on Stage Harbor Road, and was moved to its present location in 1955, the year it was given to the town. The methods used in its construction suggest that the builder was from the southeast of England. The mill remained in commercial use until 1907, when it was significantly damaged in a storm. Although it was repaired, it was again damaged by severe weather in 1929. The mill has undergone several phases of rehabilitation, during which worn and rotted parts have been replaced.</p><br>
<p>The mill is operated seasonally as a museum, and the town employs a miller to occasionally use it to grind grain.</p><br>
<p>The Adams-Crocker-Fish House is an historic house at 449 Willow Street in Barnstable, Massachusetts. Built about 1830, this half-Cape is a rare surviving example of a small farmstead with period outbuildings. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Adams-Crocker-Fish House stands in a rural residential area of northwestern Barnstable, on the west side of Willow Street a short way south of its junction with Cedar Street. The property includes a Greek Revival Cape-style cottage and two outbuildings. The cottage is a 1-1/2 story "half-Cape" (three bays wide), with a gabled roof and wooden clapboard and shingle siding. A modern two-story ell extends to the left at a recess from the main block, and another ell projects to the rear. Across the driveway further to the left are two small rectangular utility buildings that are former farm outbuildings. The main entrance, in the left bay of the main block, has a Greek Revival surround with sidelight windows, simple pilasters, and a corniced entablature.</p><br>
<p>The cottage was built before 1830 by Obadiah Adams, and is said by longtime residents to have originally stood at a location now occupied by the Mid-Cape Highway. It was moved to this location in 1831 by John Blossom, who had acquired the Adams estate. He sold the property the following year to Lemuel Crocker, whose widow sold it to Isaac Fish in 1856. It remained in the Fish family until 1903, and has since passed through a number of other private hands. It is historically significant for both the well-preserved form of the original half-Cape, and for the surviving outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>The Allen Hotel is an historic hotel building at 17 Wendell Avenue Extension, just off Park Square in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Built in 1915 and first operated as the Park Hotel, it is a significant local example of Renaissance Revival architecture, designed by the prominent local architect Joseph McArthur Vance. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and included in an expansion of Pittsfield&#39;s Park Square Historic District in 1991. It no longer houses a hotel, and has been repurposed for other uses.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Allen Hotel building stands in downtown Pittsfield on the west side of Wendell Avenue Extension, just north of East Street (United States Route 7). It is a five-story steel and masonry structure, its exterior finished in buff yellow brick with marble trim. It is crowned by a flat roof with an extended cornice decorated with modillions and dentil moulding. The front facade is divided into three sections. The ground floor functions as a raised basement, with wide segmented-arch housing multipart windows flanking a deeply recessed entrance. A narrow trim string course runs at the base of the windows, with a wider one separating the first and second levels. The second through fourth levels each have paired sash windows in the center, sharing a common lintel, while the side bays have rectangular windows in an inverted Palladian form. Another string course separates the fourth and fifth floors, with three-part windows flanking central paired windows.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was built in 1915 by Louis Larouche to a design by Joseph McArthur Vance, a prominent local architect. The site was originally the home of Pittsfield&#39;s first minister, Rev. Thomas Allen, and had remained in his family until 1913. Originally called the Park Hotel, it was renamed the Allen Hotel by new owners in the 1930s, and that name remained with it for some time. In 1991 it was operating as the Wendell House Hotel; it has since been repurposed for other uses.</p><br>
<p>Academy Building  is a historic building on South Main Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. The building was constructed in 1875 as a memorial to Nathaniel Briggs Borden by his family. It opened its doors on January 6, 1876. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building is located on land once owned by Nathaniel Briggs Borden, an early Fall River businessman and politician who died in 1865. The building was designed as a memorial to him by his widow Lydia and his three adult children, Simeon, Nathaniel, Jr. and Louisa Borden Aldrich. The family obtained the services of noted Boston architects H.W. Hartwell and A.E. Swasey, who had previously designed several notable buildings in Fall River, including the Central Congregational Church on Rock Street and Simeon&#39;s mansion on Highland Avenue. Like these other structures, the Borden Block was also designed in the Ruskinian Gothic Revival style, featuring polychrome brick and carved stone details.</p><br>
<p>The four story building was constructed by the Hull Brothers of Providence. Their initial cost estimate was $260,000. However, the cost of the building escalated during construction, largely attributed to foundation problems. Large mortgages were obtained by the Borden family from local banks. Shares in the building were also sold to several local businessmen. By July 1882, the three Borden siblings no longer owned the building.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its 1876 opening, the building&#39;s theatre boasted the second largest theatre in Massachusetts. The first program, on January 6, 1876, featured the Theodore Thomas Orchestra. Later, the theatre hosted the Boston Symphony Orchestra numerous times during the 1880s. The theatre also hosted various drama and comedy stage acts from the time that it opened well into the early 20th century, the motion pictures began to be shown. The building was also used for grand balls, political rallies and other events.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the theatre, the building&#39;s original design included commercial shops at street level and numerous offices in its upper levels.</p><br>
<p>The Borden Block contained the city&#39;s first telephone exchange from 1879 to 1890, when it was relocated to its own building.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, William J. Dunn became the sole owner of the building. In 1946, the Dunn heirs leased the building to Zeitz Theatre Company. It reopened in November 1946 after extensive renovations. During the 1960s and 1970s, the building fell into disrepair. It was acquired by the Fall River Redevelopment Authority in 1973, which had planned to demolish the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the Academy Building was photographed as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey. During the 1980s, the building was restored. The theatre portion of the building was removed. Today the building is primarily occupied by senior apartments, with retail spaces at street level along South Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The Arcade is an historic building at 31 Circuit Avenue in Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts. Built in the early 1870s, it is one of the best preserved buildings on Circuit Ave, and is further locally significant as housing the offices of the Oak Bluffs Land and Wharf Company, which was responsible for much of the early development of the town of Oak Bluffs. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, located on the northeastern part of the island of Marthas Vineyard, was originally settled as part of Edgartown in the 17th century. In 1835 the Methodist camp known as Wesleyan Grove (now a National Historic Landmark) was established in the area. Development of the area as a summer resort became more formally organized with the establishment of the Oak Bluffs Land and Wharf Company in 1866. The company developed what was then one of the earliest planned communities, guiding the communitys growth over the following years.</p><br>
<p>In about 1871 the company constructed what is known as The Arcade. The building, designed by the locally prominent architect Samuel Pratt, is a three story wood frame construction, originally with gingerbread-decorated balconies in front and back. The lower two floors are both the full width of the building, although the first floor is punctured by a passage connecting Circuit Ave. to Wesleyan Grove. The third floor is significantly smaller than the lower floors.</p><br>
<p>The building has historically served a variety of purposes. At one time it housed the Oak Bluffs post office, and in 1886 it is known to have housed the town&#39;s public library. It now occupies a place in the heart of the Oak Bluffs commercial and retail district on Circuit Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Abbot Tavern is an historic former tavern, now a private residence, at 70 Elm Street in Andover, Massachusetts. Probably built in the second half of the 18th century, it is a prominent local example of Georgian, and is also significant for its association with the locally prominent Abbot family. The tavern was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Abbot Tavern is located northeast of downtown Andover, on the northwest side of Elm Street a short way north of its junction with Wolcott Street. The street is a busy through street in a residential area. The tavern is a two-story wood frame structure, with a low-pitch hip roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It is five bays wide and three deep, with a center entrance sheltered by a projecting gabled vestibule. The vestibule entry is framed by pilasters, which rise to an entablature that extends around the projecting sides, and is topped by a gabled pediment. Windows are 8-over-6 sash on the first floor and 6-over-6 on the second; the latter are set close to the eave in the Federal style. A two-story hip-roof ell projects to the rear, its southern facade a continuation of the main block.</p><br>
<p>The taverns construction date is uncertain: it has traditionally been claimed to have been built about 1680, but the structure clearly has Georgian styling, and only first appears in town records in 1776, when Isaac Abbot petitioned to operate a tavern. The building is also notable for hosting George Washington when he visited the area in 1789. The tavern served as the towns first post office, and Isaac Abbot as its first postmaster. Abbot was prominent in local civic affairs, serving as a selectman and town clerk.</p><br>
<p>The Amherst Central Business District is a historic district encompassing the heart of downtown Amherst, Massachusetts. Centered on the northern section of the long town common, the area has been the civic and commercial heart of the town since the 18th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and slightly enlarged in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Amherst was originally part of Hadley, settled in 1661, and was itself known to have colonial settlements by 1728. It was incorporated in 1768. Its earliest focal point of settlement was in what is now its commercial business district, at the junction of Main and Pleasant Streets. No buildings surviving from this early date; the oldest house in the area is the Strong House, built in 1774 by Simeon Strong. Only a few buildings predate 1838, when a major fire devastated the downtown area. As a consequence of that and later fires, the character of the commercial buildings in the district is largely that of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Initially an agricultural area, Amherst flourished with the rise of both Amherst College and the Massachusetts Agricultural College (now UMass Amherst) as major institutions.</p><br>
<p>When first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, it consisted of a group of mostly brick commercial buildings, built between 1836 and 1930, centered on the junction of South Pleasant, North Pleasant, Amity, and Main Streets, and Boltwood Avenue. The notable non-commercial buildings in the district include the Strong House (separately listed in 1984), the Grace Episcopal Church, the First Baptist Church, and Amherst Town Hall. The district includes the northernmost third of the town common, including a fountain. The district was enlarged in 2011 to include the Lord Jeffery Inn at 30 Boltwood Avenue.</p><br>
